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A gestation crate, also known as a sow stall, is a metal enclosure used in intensive pig farming, in which a female breeding pig (sow) may be kept during pregnancy and for most of her adult life.〔Wilson G. Pond, Fuller W. Bazer, Bernard E. Rollin (eds.), ''Animal Welfare in Animal Agriculture'', CRC Press, 2011, p. 151ff.〕〔Bernard E. Rollin, ''Farm Animal Welfare: Social, Bioethical, and Research Issues'', Iowa State University Press, 1995, p. 76. ("The Welfare of Sows in Gestation Crates: A Summary of the Scientific Evidence" ), Farm Sanctuary, 2004.〕 The enclosures measure 6.6 ft x 2.0 ft (2 m x 60 cm).〔Pauk D. Reun, et al., "Breeding and gestation facilities for swine: matching biology to facility design," ''Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice'', 8(3), 1992, pp. 475–502. PMID 1446265 ("An HSUS Report: Welfare Issues with Gestation Crates for Pregnant Sows" ), Humane Society of the United States, 2008, p. 1.〕 There is no bedding. The floors of the crates are made of concrete, and are slatted to allow waste to be collected below, which is then flushed into open-air pits known as lagoons.〔Marc Kaufmann, ("In Pig Farming, Growing Concern, Raising Sows in Crates Is Questioned" ), ''The Washington Post'', 18 June 2001.〕〔Jeff Tietz, ("Boss Hog" ), ''Rolling Stone'', 14 December 2006.〕 A few days before giving birth, sows are moved to farrowing crates where they are able to lie down, with an attached crate from which their piglets can nurse. There were 6.16 million breeding sows in the United States as of 2007, out of a total of 65.1 million pigs.〔("U.S. Hog Inventory up 4 Percent" ), ''Quarterly Hogs and Pigs'', National Agricultural Statistics Service, 27 December 2007.〕 Most pregnant sows in the US are kept in gestation crates.〔 The crates are banned in the European Union, Sweden, Canada, and in eight states in the US (Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, Maine, Michigan, Oregon and Rhode Island).〔Brett Mizelle, ''Pig'', Reaktion Books, 2012, p. 92; Roberta Lee, ("Summer Fun, But Not for Pigs: The Horror of Gestation Crates and Life in a Factory Farm" ), ''The Huffington Post'', 16 July 2015.〕 However, farrowing crates, in which female breeding pigs can be kept for up to five weeks, are not banned.〔Oliver Thring, ("Is Red Tractor pork really 'high welfare'?" ), ''The Guardian'', 26th January 2012.〕 Gestation crates allow pigs to be maintained by an unskilled workforce.〔 Opponents of the crates argue that they constitute animal abuse, while proponents say they are needed to prevent sows from fighting among themselves. ==Usage== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「gestation crate」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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